Aortic valve disease

Updated: 2023-09-27

Overview

Aortic valve regurgitation

Aortic valve regurgitation

In aortic valve regurgitation, the aortic valve doesn't close properly. This causes blood to flow backward from the body's main artery, called the aorta, into the lower left heart chamber, called the left ventricle.

Aortic valve stenosis

Aortic valve stenosis

Aortic valve stenosis is a thickening and narrowing of the valve between the heart's main pumping chamber and the body's main artery, called the aorta. The narrowing creates a smaller opening for blood to pass through. This reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body. Typically the aortic valve has three cusps, called a tricuspid aortic valve. But some people are born with an aortic valve that has two cusps, a condition called bicuspid aortic valve.

Aortic valve disease is a type of heart valve disease. In this condition, the valve between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery doesn't work properly.

The aortic valve helps keep blood flowing in the correct direction through the heart. A damaged or diseased aortic valve can affect blood flow to the rest of the heart and body.

Aortic valve disease includes:

• Aortic valve stenosis. Each heart valve has flaps of tissue that open and close once per heartbeat. The flaps also are called cusps. Sometimes the aortic valve flaps become thick and stiff, or they connect together. These problems cause the valve opening to become narrow. The narrowed valve reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body.
• Aortic valve regurgitation. The aortic valve doesn't close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the left lower heart chamber.

A person may be born with aortic valve disease. This is called a congenital heart defect. Sometimes aortic valve disease occurs later in life due to other health conditions.

Treatment for aortic valve disease depends on the type and severity of disease. Some people may need surgery to repair or replace the aortic valve.

Symptoms

Some people with aortic valve disease may not notice symptoms for many years. Symptoms of aortic valve disease may include:

• Chest pain or tightness.
• Dizziness.
• Fainting.
• Fatigue after activity or having less ability to be active.
• Irregular heartbeat.
• Shortness of breath, particularly during vigorous activity or when lying down.
• Not eating enough. This is mainly seen in children with aortic valve stenosis.
• Not gaining enough weight. This is mainly seen in children with aortic valve stenosis.

When to see a doctor

If you're having sudden chest pain, call 911 or your local emergency number.

Make an appointment for a health checkup if you have symptoms of aortic valve disease, such as shortness of breath, fatigue after activity, or sensations of a pounding or an irregular heartbeat. Sometimes the first symptoms of aortic valve disease are related to heart failure. Get a health checkup if you have fatigue that doesn't get better with rest, shortness of breath, and swollen ankles and feet, which are common symptoms of heart failure.

Causes

Chambers and valves of the heart

Chambers and valves of the heart

A typical heart has two upper and two lower chambers. The upper chambers, the right and left atria, receive incoming blood. The lower chambers, the more muscular right and left ventricles, pump blood out of the heart. The heart valves, which keep blood flowing in the right direction, are gates at the chamber openings.

Aortic valve stenosis

Aortic valve stenosis

In aortic valve stenosis, the aortic valve opening is narrowed, as seen in the top image. The heart must work harder to pump blood across the smaller opening. This increases pressure within the heart. Eventually the strain reduces the heart's ability to pump blood to the body. This is like placing smaller and smaller nozzles on the end of a garden hose, as shown on the bottom image. The narrower the nozzle is, the slower the flow of water. This results in pressure buildup within the garden hose.

Aortic valve disease may be caused by a heart problem present at birth, called a congenital heart defect. Other causes of aortic valve disease later in life include:

• Age-related changes to the heart.
• Infections.
• High blood pressure.
• Injury to the heart.

To better understand the causes of aortic valve disease, it may be helpful to know how the heart valves typically work.

The heart has four valves that keep blood flowing in the correct direction. These valves are:

• Aortic valve.
• Mitral valve.
• Tricuspid valve.
• Pulmonary valve.

Each valve has flaps, also called cusps or leaflets, that open and close once during each heartbeat.

In aortic valve disease, the valve between the lower left heart chamber and the body's main artery doesn't work properly. The lower left heart chamber is called the left ventricle. The body's main artery is called the aorta.

The valve may become thick and stiff or the valve may not close properly.

Risk factors

Many things can raise the risk of aortic valve disease, including:

• Older age. Calcium can build up on the aortic valve as people age, causing the aortic valve to stiffen and become narrow.
• Heart valve problems present at birth, called congenital heart defects. Some people are born with a missing, extra or fused valve flap. This increases the risk of aortic valve regurgitation.
• Rheumatic fever. This complication of strep throat can cause aortic stenosis, a type of heart valve disease. If you have heart valve disease due to rheumatic fever, it's called rheumatic heart disease. If not, it's called nonrheumatic heart disease.
• Inflammation of the lining of the heart's chambers and valves, called endocarditis. This life-threatening condition is usually caused by infection. It can damage the aortic valve.
• History of radiation therapy to the chest. Some types of cancer are treated with radiation therapy. Symptoms of heart valve disease may not be noticed until many years after radiation therapy is received.
• Other health conditions. Chronic kidney disease, lupus and Marfan syndrome, a connective tissue disease, can increase the risk of aortic stenosis or regurgitation.

Complications

Potential complications of aortic valve disease may include:

• Blood clots.
• Stroke.
• Heart failure.
• Heart rhythm problems, called arrhythmias.
• Death due to sudden cardiac arrest.

Proper diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications.

Diagnosis

To diagnose aortic valve disease, a health care professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history.

A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard when listening to the heart with a stethoscope. If so, you may need to see a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.

Tests

Tests to diagnose aortic valve disease include:

• Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create pictures of the beating heart. It shows how blood flows through the heart and heart valves. It can help determine the severity of aortic valve disease.

  There are different types of echocardiograms. The type you have depends on the information your health care team needs. A standard echocardiogram is done from outside the body. The ultrasound device is gently pressed against the skin of the chest above the heart. If more details are needed about the heart, a transesophageal echocardiogram may be done. This type creates pictures of the heart from inside the body. The ultrasound device is attached to a tube that goes down your throat and into the esophagus.

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick test records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart beats. Sticky patches are placed on the chest and sometimes the legs. Wires connect the patches to a computer, which displays or prints results.
• Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the condition of the heart and lungs. It can help determine if the heart is enlarged, which can be a sign of certain types of aortic valve disease or heart failure.
• Cardiac MRI. A cardiac MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the heart. This test may be used to determine the severity of aortic valve disease and measure the size of the aorta.
• Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan. A cardiac CT scan uses a series of X-rays to create detailed images of the heart and heart valves. The test may be done to measure the size of the aorta and look at the aortic valve more closely. A CT scan also may be used to measure the amount of calcium in the aortic valve or determine the severity of aortic valve stenosis.
• Exercise tests or stress tests. These tests often involve walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while an ECG or echocardiogram is done. Exercise tests show how the heart reacts to physical activity and whether valve disease symptoms occur during exercise. If you can't exercise, you may get medicine that affects the heart like exercise does.
• Cardiac catheterization. This test isn't often used to diagnose aortic valve disease. But it may be done to see how severe aortic valve disease is or to diagnose the condition if other tests can't. In this test, a thin, flexible tube is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin area or arm, and guided to the heart. Cardiac catheterization can give more details about blood flow and how well the heart is working. Certain heart treatments can be done during cardiac catheterization.

Staging

After testing confirms a diagnosis of aortic or other heart valve disease, your health care team may tell you the stage of disease. Staging helps determine the most appropriate treatment.

The stage of heart valve disease depends on many things, including symptoms, disease severity, the structure of the valve or valves, and blood flow through the heart and lungs.

Heart valve disease is staged into four basic groups:

• Stage A: At risk. Risk factors for heart valve disease are present.
• Stage B: Progressive. Valve disease is mild or moderate. There are no heart valve symptoms.
• Stage C: Asymptomatic severe. There are no heart valve symptoms but the valve disease is severe.
• Stage D: Symptomatic severe. Heart valve disease is severe and is causing symptoms.

Treatment

Biological valve replacement

Biological valve replacement

In a biological valve replacement, a valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue replaces the damaged heart valve.

Mechanical heart valve replacement

Mechanical heart valve replacement

In a mechanical valve replacement, an artificial heart valve made of strong material replaces the damaged valve.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is commonly called TAVR. It's done to replace a narrowed aortic valve, a condition called aortic valve stenosis. A doctor inserts a flexible tube called a catheter into a blood vessel and guides it into the heart. A replacement valve made of cow or pig tissue goes through the tube to the area of the aortic valve. A balloon on the catheter tip inflates to press the new valve into place. Some valves are self-expanding.

Treatment for aortic valve disease depends on:

• The severity (stage) of aortic valve disease.
• Whether the disease is causing symptoms.
• Whether the condition is getting worse.

Treatment may include regular health checkups, lifestyle changes, medicines, or surgery or other procedures. If you have aortic valve disease, consider being evaluated and treated at a medical center with a multidisciplinary team of heart doctors called cardiologists and other care professionals trained and experienced in evaluating and treating heart valve disease.

Medications

If aortic valve disease is mild or moderate or if you aren't having symptoms, you may only need regular medical checkups to watch the condition.

Heart-healthy lifestyle changes and medicines may be needed to treat symptoms of aortic valve disease or reduce the risk of complications. For example, medicines may be used to:

• Lower blood pressure.
• Prevent irregular heartbeats.
• Remove excess fluid from the body to reduce the strain on the heart.

Surgery or other procedures

Eventually, surgery or a catheter procedure may be needed to repair or replace the diseased aortic valve. Some people with aortic valve disease need surgery even if it's not severe or when it's not causing symptoms.

Surgery to repair or replace an aortic valve is often done with open-heart surgery. Sometimes, the valve can be replaced during minimally invasive heart surgery, which uses smaller incisions than those needed for open-heart surgery, or with a catheter-based procedure.

Aortic valve repair

During aortic valve repair, the surgeon may do one or all of the following:

• Separate valve flaps that have fused.
• Add support to the base of the valve.
• Reshape or remove excess valve tissue so that the cusps can close tightly.
• Patch holes or tears in a valve.

Aortic valve repair often requires open-heart surgery. However, less invasive options may be available. For example, a catheter procedure may be used to insert a plug or device to repair a leaking replacement aortic valve.

In infants and children with aortic valve stenosis, a less invasive procedure called balloon valvuloplasty may be done to temporarily open a narrowed valve. During this procedure, the doctor inserts a thin, hollow tube into a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and threads it to the heart. A balloon is inflated to widen the valve opening. Then the balloon is deflated and removed. This valve repair procedure also may be done in adults who are too sick for surgery or who are waiting for a valve replacement.

Aortic valve replacement

In aortic valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve and replaces it with a mechanical valve or a valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. A tissue valve is called a biological tissue valve.

Sometimes, the aortic valve is replaced with your own lung valve, called a pulmonary valve. Then your pulmonary valve is replaced with a biological lung tissue valve. This more complicated surgery is called the Ross procedure.

You and your health care team will discuss the benefits and risks of each type of valve to choose the best option for you.

Aortic valve replacement typically requires open-heart surgery. Sometimes, surgeons can use a minimally invasive procedure called transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) to replace a narrowed aortic valve with a biological tissue valve. TAVR uses smaller incisions than those used in open-heart surgery. TAVR may be an option for people at increased risk of heart valve surgery complications.

Lifestyle and home remedies

After diagnosis or treatment of aortic valve disease, you'll need regular health checkups. Your health care team may suggest making heart-healthy lifestyle changes. Try these steps:

• Eat a heart-healthy diet. Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables, low-fat or fat-free dairy products, poultry, fish, and whole grains. Avoid saturated and trans fats and excess salt and sugar.
• Maintain a healthy weight. Ask your health care team what a healthy weight is for you.
• Get regular exercise. As a general goal, aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity every day. Check with your health care team before starting a new exercise routine.
• Manage stress. Find ways to help reduce emotional stress. Getting more exercise, practicing mindfulness and connecting with others in support groups are some ways to tame stress.
• Do not smoke. If you need help quitting smoking or using tobacco, ask a health care professional about resources to help. Joining a support group may be helpful.

Pregnancy

If you have aortic valve disease, it's important to talk with a health care professional before becoming pregnant. Careful and regular checkups are needed if you have aortic valve disease during pregnancy. Your health care team can discuss with you which medicines are safe to use during pregnancy. Your health care team also can determine whether valve disease treatment is needed prior to pregnancy.

Health care professionals may recommend that people with severe heart valve disease avoid pregnancy to avoid the risk of complications.

Coping and support

If you have aortic valve disease, here are some steps that may help you manage the condition:

• Take medicines as prescribed. Take your medicines as directed by your health care team.
• Get support. Connecting with others who have the same or a similar condition may be helpful. Ask your health care team about support groups in your area.
• Stay active. Regular exercise is one of the best ways to improve heart health. Ask a health care professional about how much and what types of physical activity are safe for you.

Preparing for an appointment

If you think you have aortic valve disease, make an appointment for a health checkup. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.

• Be aware of pre-appointment restrictions. When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do beforehand.
• Write down your symptoms, including any that seem unrelated to heart valve disease.
• Write down important personal information, including a family history of heart disease, and any major stresses or recent life changes.
• Make a list of all medicines, vitamins and supplements you take. Include the dosages.
• Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who goes with you can help you remember information you receive.
• Write down questions to ask your health care team.

For aortic valve disease, some basic questions to ask your health care team include:

• What is likely causing my symptoms or condition?
• What are other possible causes for my symptoms or condition?
• What tests will I need?
• What's the best treatment?
• What are the options to the primary treatment you're suggesting?
• I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
• Are there restrictions I need to follow?
• Should I see a specialist?
• If I need surgery, which surgeon do you recommend for heart valve surgery?
• Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing?
• Are there brochures or other printed material I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?

Don't hesitate to ask other questions you have.

What to expect from your doctor

Your health care team is likely to ask you many questions, including:

• When did your symptoms begin?
• Do you always have symptoms, or do the symptoms come and go?
• How severe are your symptoms?
• What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms?
• What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms?