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Definition

A sprain is an injury to the ligaments around a joint. Ligaments are strong, flexible fibers that hold bones together. When a ligament is stretched too far or tears, the joint will become painful and swell.

Alternative Names

Joint sprain

Causes

Sprains are caused when a joint is forced to move into an unnatural position. For example, "twisting" one's ankle causes a sprain to the ligaments around the ankle.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a sprain include:Joint pain or muscle painSwellingJoint stiffnessDiscoloration of the skin, especially bruising

First Aid

Apply ice immediately to reduce swelling. Wrap the ice in cloth . Do not place ice directly on the skin.Wrap a bandage around the affected area firmly, but not tightly, to limit movement. Use a splint if necessary.Keep the swollen joint raised about your heart, even while sleeping.Rest the affected joint for several days.Aspirin, ibuprofen, or other pain relievers can help. DO NOT give aspirin to children.Keep pressure off the injured area until the pain goes away. This usually takes 7-10 days for mild sprains and several weeks for severe ones. Your doctor may recommend crutches. Physical therapy will help you regain motion and strength of the injured area.

Call immediately for emergency medical assistance if

Go to the hospital right away or call 911 if:You think you have a broken boneThe joint appears out of positionYou have a serious injury or severe painYou hear a popping sound and have immediate difficulty using the jointCall your doctor for an appointment if:Swelling does not start to go away within 2 daysYou have symptoms of infection, including red, warm, painful skin or a fever over 100°FThe pain does not go away after several weeks

Prevention

The following steps may lower your risk of a sprain: Wear protective footwear during activities that place stress on your ankle and other joints.Make sure that shoes fit your feet properly.Avoid high-heeled shoes.Always warm-up and stretch prior to exercise and sports.Avoid sports and activities for which you have not trained.

References

Brinker MR, O’Connor DP, Almekinders LC, et al. Physiology of Injury to Musculoskeletal Structures: 1. Muscle and Tendon Injury. In: DeLee JC, Drez D Jr, Miller MD, eds. DeLee and Drez’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:chap 1, section A.